Unless the exchange of merchandise and money takes place in situ, risk is involved, especially if the parties are in different countries without par regulations such as duties, taxes, tariffs and such.
Without a financial institution in the middle of such transaction risk of non-payment becomes greater but there still are independent methods of transaction payments.
Cash-in-Advance
In this case risk is transferred to the importer who pays for merchandise that might be different quality or defective from what was agreed.
Open Account
This can be used when the importer of goods has reputable credit verified by the exporter. There still is risk for an unforeseen bankruptcy.
Documentary Collections
Where the importer signs a negotiable document by a third party factoring agent who assumes the risk of collection for a fee normally based on a percentage of the invoiced amount.
Payment Insurance
This method is commonly used in the futures market where buyer and seller agree to a fixed amount to be paid of future delivered in a given currency and if something changes the third party guarantees that payment takes place. A service fee is mainly assessed on a percentage of the transaction value.
Institutional third party risk taker.
Many countries have a government import/export bank which extends credit to an importer and guarantees payment to the exporter like Eximbank US.
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