Normative Theories of Ethics or moral theories are meant to help us figure out what actions are right and wrong. Normative theories include Aristotelian virtue ethics, utilitarianism, categorical imperatives, stoic virtue ethics, and so on. Positive theory is a theory that tries to explain how the world works in a value-free way, while a normative theory provides a value-based view about what the world ought to be like or how it should to work. In general, positive theories express what is, while normative theories express what ought to be. It follows that social choice theoretic methods are often used as truism to analyze the performance of rules or institutions. For instance, welfare analysis suggests as social preferences goal, to permit an optimization approach to social choice, therefore, welfare analysis is normative theory. On the other hand, a positive analysis, is equivalent to the study of electromagnetism or molecular biology, which involves only the attempt to understand the world around us without making a judgments.
One famous quote about theory came from Winston Churchill when he said that theory is an ambiguous word: “We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us.”. It means different things to different people.
Positive theory has been described as a system of ideas or statements, a mental state of mind that is believed to describe and explain a phenomenon or a group of phenomena and some theory has been proved using scientific methods. In this case such theory is referred to as “positive theory” because it consists of positive statements and claims about reality. In a wide sense theory can refer to a mental model, or the way of perceiving reality that requires a structure of that reality. Moreover, theory can also refer to predicting outcomes by a given action and those predictions are referred to as hypotheses.
According to other scholars theory can be used as a recipe for action and this kind of normative theory can be applied to architecture, design principles, standards and methods as examples of such theory. It is based on the idea of what the world, good architecture, landscapes, and urban designs should be. Nevertheless, a theory cannot be proved but it stands until it is disapproved.
According to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, commonly known as Vitruvius, a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled “De architectura Vituvius,” a building must fulfill three basic purposes: utilitas, venustas, and firmistas and what Schulz calls “building task,” regarded as the functional goal “form” in simple Norberg-Schulz’s terms, the aesthetic goal.
Technology has been a predominant concern in explaining the evolution of human tasks. A city for example is a construction in space, on a vast scale with moving elements in particular the people and their activities that are as important as the stationery physical parts. By participating in this scenario we are not simply observers of this spectacle, but are ourselves a part of it, on the stage with the other participants.
“The world is stage and we are all actors in it”
Normative Theories of Ethics or moral theories are meant to help us figure out what actions are right and wrong. Normative theories include Aristotelian virtue ethics, utilitarianism, categorical imperatives, stoic virtue ethics, and so on. Positive theory is a theory that tries to explain how the world works in a value-free way, while a normative theory provides a value-based view about what the world ought to be like or how it should to work. In general, positive theories express what is, while normative theories express what ought to be. It follows that social choice theoretic methods are often used as truism to analyze the performance of rules or institutions. For instance, welfare analysis suggests as social preferences goal, to permit an optimization approach to social choice, therefore, welfare analysis is normative theory. On the other hand, a positive analysis, is equivalent to the study of electromagnetism or molecular biology, which involves only the attempt to understand the world around us without making a judgments.
One famous quote about theory came from Winston Churchill when he said that theory is an ambiguous word: “We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us.”. It means different things to different people.
Positive theory has been described as a system of ideas or statements, a mental state of mind that is believed to describe and explain a phenomenon or a group of phenomena and some theory has been proved using scientific methods. In this case such theory is referred to as “positive theory” because it consists of positive statements and claims about reality. In a wide sense theory can refer to a mental model, or the way of perceiving reality that requires a structure of that reality. Moreover, theory can also refer to predicting outcomes by a given action and those predictions are referred to as hypotheses.
According to other scholars theory can be used as a recipe for action and this kind of normative theory can be applied to architecture, design principles, standards and methods as examples of such theory. It is based on the idea of what the world, good architecture, landscapes, and urban designs should be. Nevertheless, a theory cannot be proved but it stands until it is disapproved.
According to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, commonly known as Vitruvius, a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled “De architectura Vituvius,” a building must fulfill three basic purposes: utilitas, venustas, and firmistas and what Schulz calls “building task,” regarded as the functional goal “form” in simple Norberg-Schulz’s terms, the aesthetic goal.
Technology has been a predominant concern in explaining the evolution of human tasks. A city for example is a construction in space, on a vast scale with moving elements in particular the people and their activities that are as important as the stationery physical parts. By participating in this scenario we are not simply observers of this spectacle, but are ourselves a part of it, on the stage with the other participants.
“The world is stage and we are all actors in it”
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